The Opinion of Capital Punishment Free Essay Example, 2500 words

The Supreme Court has on several occasions dealt with judging the merits of the death penalty and whether or not it is interpreted by the Constitution as punishment which is cruel and unusual. The Court has always ruled the terminology of the Eighth Amendment does not exclude the implementation of death as punishment. The Constitution is a malleable document, however. The interpretation of the Eighth Amendment has evolved somewhat throughout the years and the Court could possibly reverse this point of view sometime in the future as a result of changing societal values. For example, the whipping of offenders was commonplace until the late Eighteenth Century. This practice came to be considered inappropriate because society s opinion changed to include it as a cruel punishment. With respect to capital punishment, though, the Court has maintained that there remains broad public support for the death penalty as a remedy for the most serious of crimes (Mott, 2004). Historically s peaking, the rationale for punishing criminals has been to avenge the crime, to protect society by imprisoning the criminal, to deter that person and other potential offenders from the commission of crimes and to obtain reparations from the offender (Wolfgang, 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on The Opinion of Capital Punishment or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This use of punishment is society s way of striking back at one who has disturbed the emotional and ethical senses of a people (Lunden, 1967: 232).

Other Side of Outsourcing by Thomas Friedman - 738 Words

ASSIGNMENT 2 â€Å"Other side of outsourcing† by: Thomas Friedman The impact outsourcing had to United States was for some Americans bad. They claim the jobs they loose and the disadvantages that Americans were facing due to this radical change. While in the United States some people were disgusted, in the other side of the world, the young people were very thankful. This change made a revolution on their culture; the new Indian generations were entering to a whole new world, making a big change between Indian generations. This documental was made by Thomas Friedman, a New York Times columnist in 2004, he had written a lot of articles about globalism. He starts interviewing the employees of a call center located in India. The experience he†¦show more content†¦They conclude with the huge difference that is being live between the two generations. But what they reflect is the importance that the Indian culture gives to the family, they say that the family is very important and whether they young folks are entering to a new world they still keep their roots with them. Friedman also talks with the members of the RSS, a nationalist organization that promotes Hindu supremacy throughout India. They discuss all the changes that globalization has brought to their culture, for example valentine’s day. Then He visits â€Å"Jadoo Works† an animation company that is outsourcing the animation of some cartoons in the United States. The entire visual artists that work in here are based on traditional Indian art. They said is a way to use what they already have and transform it into something new. The artists are trained for 6 months before starting to animate, because some of them haven’t even used a computer before. Friedman also interviews an enthusiastic manager from this company that declares that India is going to be the work force of the future. With these we see that Indians are taking very seriously their new role into globalization. As a consequence many American jobs are being loosed. Then Friedman discuss with an Indian entrepreneur the impact of outsourcing on America and the way he view globalization as a two way traffic, where not only one nation is affected by this change. Then he talks to another organization of women’s

Integrated Theories of Criminal Justice Essay example

Integrated Theories of Criminal Justice Abstract Two theorist and theories that have been recognized by many involved in the criminal justice field are Ross L. Matsuedas Theory of Differential Social Control, and, Charles R. Tittles Control Balance Theory. Matsuedas theory, (1) identifies a broader range of individual-level mechanisms of social control, (2) specifying group and organizational processes for controlling delinquency, (3) conceptualizing classical criminological theories as special cases of a general interactionist framework, and (4) testing the interactionist model empirically against specific hypotheses drawn from competing theories. Tittles theory believes deviance results from the convergence of four variables: (1)†¦show more content†¦Another theoretical trend integrates traditional theories, such as anomie, disorganization, social control, labeling, differential association, and social learning theories, to increase explanatory power or link levels of explanation (Elliott, Ageton, and Canter 1979; Elliot t, Huizinga, and Ageton 1985; Pearson and Weiner 1985; Thornberry 1987). Which leads us to two theorist that have been recognized by many involved in the criminal justice field. One being, Ross L. Matsuedas Theory of Differential Social Control, and the other, Charles R. Tittles Control Balance Theory. Matsueda takes a different avenue and specifies a theory of delinquency based on unified framework of symbolic interactionist view of the self as a reflection of the appraisals of others. He (1) identifies a broader range of individual-level mechanisms of social control, (2) specifying group and organizational processes for controlling delinquency, (3) conceptualizing classical criminological theories as special cases of a general interactionist framework, and (4) testing the interactionist model empirically against specific hypotheses drawn from competing theories. Ross Matsueda uses symbolic interactionism to show how the social control of delinquency lies in an interactionist co nception of the self. He bases his explanation on Meads (1934) thesis that the self arises in problematic situations when an individual takes the role ofShow MoreRelatedAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Theory Integration1050 Words   |  5 PagesAdvantages/Disadvantages One disadvantage of theory integration the possibility of the wrong mixture of theories by criminologist which could increase the odds of a person gravitating towards criminality increase (Frame, 2009). Another disadvantage with integration is variables get missed and vital information is left out. Finally, integration can lead to misconceptions of theories. The advantage of integration different theories is that decreases repetition where two theories are relaying the same message withRead MoreThe Role Of Criminology And The Future Of Criminology1583 Words   |  7 Pagescriminologist have considered theory integration important for the future of criminology due to the flourishment of crimes in society. Researchers have begun to study crime and the punishments associated with specific crimes that do not include trust crimes such as fraud, workplace theft or income tax invasion. However, they are studying an array of criminal behaviors that involve illicit and illegal behaviors in an effort to establish how important integrated theory will affect the future of criminologyRead MoreRestorative Justice Essay954 Words   |  4 PagesRestorative justice is an innovative approach to the criminal justice system that focuses on repairing the harm caused by crimes committed. The methods used in the conventional justice system may deter the off ender from committing further crimes, but it does neither repair the harm caused, nor help them acknowledge their responsibility, instead it stigmatises them, worsening the situation instead of improving it (Johnstone 2003). â€Å"Stigmatisation is the kind of shaming that creates outcasts; it isRead MoreCriminal Behavior : Crime And Crime Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesefining Criminal Behavior Part A: Criminal behavior Even though crime and criminal activities have existed for a while, the intensity, sophistication, art of execution, and the ultimate consequences have been profound in the current age. Simple crimes such as petty theft and corruption have grown to a larger scale in modern society, and after reviewing all existing concepts, the sociological theories befit a comprehensive explanation for criminal behavior in the present society (Cornish ClarkeRead MoreSex Crime Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesof special attention from the public as well as the criminal justice system. Is this because our system is a static reflection of the society/community they answer to? Sexual offense stories infiltrate every membrane of our society, from legal mores to norms, from social media to religion. Our system of justice can’t help but deliver attention to this area. Justice demands it and society needs it for interpersonal validation. The Criminal Justice system has given humans a scale to rate wha t is normalRead MoreCriminal Justice Organizational Effectiveness Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagesachieving the desirable results is indicative of organization effectiveness. The United States Criminal Justice system is amongst the most respected governmental entities on the planet; and with a formidably structured and well developed hierarchy, history has uncovered its adaptability through operational effectiveness. Although many process, protocols, and scientifically reforms have been adopted, criminal justice practitioners and senior level leaders provide are continuously developing and revitalizingRead MoreWhat Causes Delinquent Behavior Essays931 Words   |  4 Pagesstudied the Criminal Justice System and the behavior of criminals using different forms of theories, which in turn, lead to the Classical School and the Positive School. We all use theories in our everyday life. We make assumptions about certain things, that in turn allow us to form a kind of theory or thought. We gather these assumptions very early on in life, by what we have been taught or have learned. Exactly what is a theory and how is it different form a hypothesis? A theory is a set ofRead MoreUnderstanding Criminals Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesengage in criminal activities. We as human beings are all capable of committing or engaging in delinquent behavior. What stands in the way of a person that makes them decided to engage in deviant behavior or to choose not to commit crimes at all? We may never truly know or understand the real reasons behind why certain people make decisions like these everyday. Early philosophers and scientists looked carefully and dug deep into the Criminal Justice System and the behavior of criminals using theoriesRead MoreGeneral Theory Of Crime And Delinquency919 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Theory of Crime and Delinquency Many theories exist including biological, psychological, and sociological theories that have been proposed by many criminologists in the criminal justice field and have been closely studied by people (Agnew, Cullen, Wilcox, 2004). Most theories are proposed at the micro level meaning it tries to explain the criminal behavior of individuals and some are proposed at the macro level which tries to explain the crime rates in social groups, meaning micro focusesRead MoreEssay on Theories of Crime and Criminal Activity1488 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of Crime and Criminal Activity Every theory of crime has at least 2-3 meta-theoretical levels above it. The fundamental issues are usually addressed at the approach level, and are often called the assumptions, or starting points, of a theory, although the term assumptions more strictly refers to the background or domain boundaries one can draw generalizations about. Above the approach level is the Perspective level, the largest unit of agreement within a scientific community, and

Methodological And Opportunities Auditing -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Methodological And Opportunities Auditing? Answer: Introducation This section provides various independent situations, which the auditors often encounter in their day-to-day activities. The auditors are often required to issue qualified and unqualified audit reports based on the financial information provided on the part of the organisations. Thus, this section would aim to evaluate three independent situations, in which the auditors are needed to provide their audit opinion along with explanation of the issued opinion. Based on the provided case study, it could be stated that the Connor Company is encountering increased complexities to repay its debts during the past financial year. The auditors have the primary responsibility of examining the financial statements of the organisations, which would enable in assuring that the financial statements of such organisations do not contain material misstatements and they have been developed by adhering to the crucial regulations. However, the auditors are not allowed to make comments on the financial positions of the organisations; in case, there are no frauds (Farooq et al. 2017). For Connor Company, it could be observed that the organisation is reliant largely on bank overdraft in paying its loans, since no finance alternative is available to the organisation. Along with this, the bank needs repayment within a month. It depicts the poor financial position of the Connor Company. However, this aspect has not developed any materiality effect. The auditor has not identified any material misstatement in any of the financial statements of the Connor Company. This signifies that the organisation is not involved in manipulating any of its financial statements in hiding its poor debt-paying condition. Hence, the auditor, in this case, would issue unqualified audit opinion for the Connor Company (Junior, Best and Cotter 2014). The organisations have the responsibility of preparing and presenting their financial statements depending on the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Along with this, the organisations are needed to conform to the accounting regulations of the nation, in which they are involved to operate (Knechel and Salterio 2016). According to the given situation, FIFO method is supposed to be followed on the part of the organisation for valuing inventory. However, it has been identified that the organisation is following the LIFO method, which is followed in its American parent company. Due to this reason, the differential effect between the enforcement of FIFO and LIFO has influenced the inventory valuation contributing to material misstatement. Even though the effects are limited on inventory and there is no effect on the other financial statements of the organisation. Hence, in this specific area, the auditor has the right of issuing adverse opinion, since there are material misstatements as well as compliance issue. However, besides inventory, there is no signal of material misstatement in any of the financial statements of the organisation and there is not any issue of compliance. Due to this reason, there would be issuance of qualified audit opinion on the part of the auditor. The qualified audit opinion is almost identical to the unqualified audit opinion. However, in case of unqualified audit opinion, the auditor needs to include another paragraph, which would depict the reason for which the report is unqualified (Louwers et al. 2015). According to the provided information, the Victorian Manufacturing Company is involved in manufacturing prefabricated concrete in its factories. It has been found out that the organisation has included its factories in the balance sheet statement at market value minus accumulated depreciation. The organisations are needed to conduct the valuation of their non-current assets like land, plant, building, machinery and others regularly because of the change in market price. In case of Victorian Manufacturing Company, it could be evaluated that it has not carried out its factory valuation located in Melbourne for the past five years, since the directors might perceive that the market value has remained the same (William Jr, Glover and Prawitt 2016). Hence, the directors have made some primary assumptions, which might not be suitable and this could result in main material misstatement. When the audit operations are carried out, the auditors are required to obtain the existing fair value of building and land. However, if the fair value is absent, it would not be possible for the auditors to provide accurate audit opinion, since it hinders their process of examination (Simnett, Carson and Vanstraelen 2016). Due to this reason, the auditors would issue opinion disclaimer, since it is not possible for them to provide the correct report of audit. References: Farooq, M.B., Farooq, M.B., De Villiers, C. and De Villiers, C., 2017. The market for sustainability assurance services: A comprehensive literature review and future avenues for research.Pacific Accounting Review,29(1), pp.79-106. Junior, R.M., Best, P.J. and Cotter, J., 2014. Sustainability reporting and assurance: A historical analysis on a world-wide phenomenon.Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), pp.1-11. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Louwers, T.J., Ramsay, R.J., Sinason, D.H., Strawser, J.R. and Thibodeau, J.C., 2015.Auditing assurance services. McGraw-Hill Education. Simnett, R., Carson, E. and Vanstraelen, A., 2016. International Archival Auditing and Assurance Research: Trends, Methodological Issues, and Opportunities.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,35(3), pp.1-32. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016.Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.

Cloning_what_is_it Essays - Cloning, Genetics,

Cloning_what_is_it? Cloning What is Cloning? Cloning is the production of one or more individual plants or animals that are genetically identical to another plant or animal. Nature itself is the greatest cloning agent. In about one of every 75 human conceptions, the fertilized ovum splits for some unknown reason and produces monozygotic (identical) twins. Each has a genetic makeup identical to the other. Two very different procedures have been referred to as cloning: ? Embryo cloning has been successfully carried out for years on many species of animals. Some limited experimentation has been done on human embryos. ? Adult DNA cloning has been used to clone a sheep, but was not tried on humans until December 1998. How is Embryo Cloning is Done? Human embryo cloning starts with a standard in vitro fertilisation procedure. Sperm and an egg cell are mixed together on a glass dish. After conception, the zygote (fertilised egg) is allowed to develop into a blastula (a hollow mass of cells). The zygote divides first into two cells, then four, then eight... A chemical is added to the dish to remove the zona pellucida covering. This material provides nutrients to the cells to promote cell division. With the covering removed, the blastula is divided into individual cells, which are deposited on individual dishes. They are then coated with an artificial zona pellucida and allowed to divide and develop. The experiment by Sillman showed that the best results could be obtained by interrupting the zygote at the two-cell stage. Many of these pairs of zygotes were able to develop to the 32-cell stage, but no further. They might well have had the potential to develop further and even mature into a viable foetus, except that the original ovu m was defective and would have died anyway. For ethical reasons, the researchers selected embryos which had no possibility of ever maturing into foetuses, and thus into newborn babies. How is Adult DNA Cloning Done? With the exception of the sperm and egg, every cell in the body contains all of the genetic material in its DNA to theoretically create an exact clone of the original body. But cells have been biochemically programmed to perform limited functions. The other functions are turned off. Most scientists had believed that such differentiated cells could not be reprogrammed to be capable of behaving as a fertilized egg. In the case of the sheep Dolly?, a cell was taken from mammary tissue of a mature 6 year old sheep while its DNA was in a dormant state. It was fused with a sheep ovum which had had its nucleus removed. The fertilised cell was then stimulated with an electric pulse. Out of 277 attempts at cell fusion, only 29 began to divide. These were all implanted in ewes. 13 became pregnant but only one lamb, Dolly, was born. History of Cloning Cloning has had a fairly long history: ? The first successful cloning experiment involved a leopard frog. It took place in, 1952 with group of scientist from the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia. To clone the frog they used an embryonic frog cell nucleus ? In 1962, John Gurdon of Cambridge University cloned a toad that survive threw adulthood and was able to reproduce. He was also the first to take a nucleus from a fully contrast tadpole intestinal cell and cloned toads(Robertson) ? In 1981, Steen Willadsen was the first to clone an artificial chimera. He did this by mixing a sheep and a goat getting the result of a geep. It had the body shape and the head of a goat, and a dappled coat which had large patches of sheep's wool ? In 1984, Willadsen cloned the first verifiable mammal, using embryonic nuclei transplant into an unfertilised sheep egg ? In 1986, when Willadsen worked for Texas bioengineering company, he produced the first cloned calves from cattle by using the embryonic nuclei. The cloned cattle that were produced were super-elite, high production dairy cows and bulls who had a high breeding rate ? In 1987, James Robl of the University of Massachusetts was the first to clone rabbits also using embryonic nuclei Going by these past events, who can say when we will be able to clone human organs or complete biocopies of human beings

Sad Plays - Tragedies and Tear-jerkers

Sad Plays - Tragedies and Tear-jerkers Have you ever noticed how some plays are such a downer? Even some plays that are supposed to be comedies, such as Anton Chekovs masterpieces, are dour and cynical and downright depressing. Of course, the theater like life isnt all about comedy and happy endings. To be reflective of human nature, playwrights often delve into the tears-soaked corners of their souls, producing literary works that are timeless tragedies that evoke both terror and pity, just how Aristotle likes it! Here is a list of theaters most hauntingly sad plays: #10 - Night Mother There are many plays that explore the topic of suicide, but few are as direct and, dare I say, as persuasive as Marsha Normans play, night Mother. During the course of a single evening, an adult daughter has a sincere conversation with her mother, clearly explaining how she plans to take her own life before dawn. The daughters miserable life has been plagued with tragedy and mental illness. However, now that she has made her decision, she has gained clarity. No matter how her mother argues and begs, the daughter will not change her mind. New York theater critic John Simon praise the playwright stating that Marsha Norman conveys the simultaneous monstrousness and ordinariness of this event: that Jessie both solicitously provides for her mothers future and abandons her, coolly matter-of-fact about what strikes most of us as the ultimate irrational act. As with many sad, tragic and controversial plays, Night Mother ends with much to contemplate and discuss. #9 - Romeo and Juliet Millions of people think of Shakespeares classic Romeo and Juliet as the ultimate love story. Romantics view the two star-crossed lovers as the quintessential young couple, forgoing the wishes of their parents, throwing caution to the proverbial wind and settling for nothing less than true love, even if it comes at the cost of death. However, theres a more cynical way of looking at this story: Two hormone-driven teenagers kill themselves because of the stubborn hatred of ignorant adults. The tragedy may be overrated and overdone, but consider the ending of the play: Juliet lies asleep but Romeo believes that she is dead so he prepares to drink poison in order to join her. The situation remains one of the most devastating examples of dramatic irony in the history of the stage. #8 - Oedipus the King Also known as Oedipus Rex, this tragedy is the most famous work of Sophocles, a Greek playwright who lived over two thousand years ago. In case you have never heard the plot of this famous myth, you may want to skip to the next play on the list. Spoiler Alert: Oedipus discovers that years ago he murdered his biological father and unknowingly married his biological mother. The circumstances are grotesque, but the real tragedy stems from the bloody reactions of the characters as each participant learns the unbearable truth. The citizens are filled with shock and pity. Jocasta hangs herself. And Oedipus uses the pins from her dress to gauge out his eyes. Well, we all cope in different ways I guess. Creon, Jocastas brother, takes over the throne. Oedipus will wander around Greece as a wretched example of mans folly. (And I assume Zeus and his fellow Olympians enjoy a mean-spirited chuckle.) Read the complete plot summary of Oedipus the King. #7 - Death of a Salesman Playwright Arthur Miller doesnt just kill off his protagonist, Willy Loman, by the end of the play. He also does his best to euthanize the American Dream. The aging salesman once believed that charisma, obedience, and persistence would lead to prosperity. Now that his sanity is wearing thin, and his sons have failed to live up to his expectations, Loman determines that he is worth more dead than alive. In my review of the play, I explain how this drama may not be my favorite of Millers work, but the play clearly accomplishes its goal: To make us understand the painfulness of mediocrity. And we learn a valuable, common sense lesson: Things dont always go the way we want them to go. #6 - Wit: There is a lot of humorous, heartwarming dialogue to be found in Margaret Edsons Wit. Yet, despite the plays many life affirming moments, Wit is filled with clinical studies, chemotherapy, and long stretches of painful, introspective loneliness. Its the story of Dr. Vivian Bearing, a hard-as-nails English professor. Her callousness is most evident during the plays flashbacks. While she narrates directly to the audience, Dr. Bearing recalls several encounters with her former students. As the pupils struggle with the material, often embarrassed by their intellectual inadequacy, Dr. Bearing responds by saying intimidating and insulting them. Yet, as Dr. Bearing revisits her past, she realizes she should have offered more human kindness to her students. Kindness is something Dr. Bearing will come to desperately crave as the play continues. If you have already experienced Wit then you know you will never look at John Donnes poetry the same way. The main character uses the cryptic sonnets to keep her intellect sharp, but by the end of the play she learns that academic excellence is no match for human compassion, and perhaps a bedtime story. Continue reading the Top Ten List of the Worlds Saddest Plays.

Financial crisis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial crisis - Term Paper Example In such a situation, the entity would face liquidity problems, have cash flow problems, and see the net worth decreasing. If it happens to a market or a bank, then there would be panic selling that further brings the prices of stocks down. There would be a run on the banks with a large number of people attempting to withdraw cash. Assets would lose their valuation. Depending on the severity of the crisis, the market would recover in a few days or the ill effects would persist for a few years. A financial crisis is followed by recession and a general slowdown of the market. Financial crisis can even happen to individuals and businesses and such entities cannot pay their bills, they cannot pay their employees and their business would be repossessed. Recession is said to follow financial crisis and when the GDP becomes negative for two quarters, then the nation is said to be in recession (World Bank, 28 June 2012). This paper examines the subject of financial crisis and discuses various types, causes and method of preventing such a crisis. 2) Types of Financial Crisis Financial crisis usually results in a notional and ‘on paper’ wealth of a firm. If the firm has retained its assets and other infrastructure then after the crisis is over, it can regain its previous position in the market. Financial crises usually occur in a free and liberal market economy that is not subject to protection and where market forces are free to act on the economy. As an example, UK, USA and many other nations have a free and open economy hence financial crisis occur in these markets. However, in the former Soviet Russia, nation such as North Korea and even China where the market is regulated, market forces are not allowed to act freely. Types of financial crisis are broadly classified as international and domestic crisis (Cipriani and Guarino, 2008). These again have sub types and these are discussed as below. A) International Financial Crisis International financial crisis occur at two levels and mechanisms. One is where turmoil in the global stock markets causes a global market crash that precipitates a financial crisis. Another type is the currency crisis that can lead to sovereign default. These terms are explained as below. 1) Global Crisis Global crises can begin in one corner of the world and then if the causes and money involved is high, the crisis can spread to other stock exchanges and nations quickly. One of the reasons is due to the inter connectedness of the stock markets and financial markets across the world. Hence, if the London Stock Market Index crashes and it cannot recover, it will cause the Japan Nikkei index and the US based Dow and NYSE index also to crash. This can create a financial crisis when there is no liquidity in the market and funds, loans, cash is not available. As a result, banks cannot clear the payments, customers and depositors cannot withdraw crash and business also cannot pay their vendors and employees. When thi s cash shortage is long lasting and it affects all the nations, then it becomes a global crisis (Banerjee, 2008). 2) Currencies One of the worst forms of financial crisis is the currency crisis and sovereign default. When a nation that has a fixed exchange rate faces a speculative attack on its currency, then it is forced to devalue the currency. This devaluation is done when the currency appreciates excessively against the global reserve currency, the USD.